Mackinders Heartland Theory

Sir Halford John Mackinder was a British geographer who wrote a paper in 1904 called The Geographical Pivot of History. Mackinders paper suggested that the control of Eastern Europe was vital to control of the world.  Mackinder postulated the following, which became known as the Heartland Theory: Who rules Eastern Europe commands the HeartlandWho rules the Heartland commands the World IslandWho rules the World Island commands the world The heartland he also referred to as the pivot area and as the core of Eurasia, and he considered all of Europe and Asia as the World Island.   In the age of modern warfare, Mackinders theory is widely considered outdated. At  the time he proposed his theory, he  took into consideration world history only in the context of conflict between land and sea powers. Nations with large navies were at an advantage over those that could not successfully navigate the oceans, Mackinder suggested. Of course, in the modern era, the use of aircraft has greatly changed the ability to control territory and provide defensive capabilities.   The Crimean War Mackinders theory was never fully proven because  no one power in history had actually controlled all three of these regions at the same time. But the Crimean War came close. During this conflict, waged from 1853 to 1856,  Russia fought for control of the Crimean Peninsula, part of Ukraine. But it lost to an allegiance of the French and British, which had more effective naval forces. Russia lost the war even though the Crimean Peninsula  is geographically closer to Moscow than to London or Paris. Possible Influence on Nazi Germany Some historians have conjectured that Mackinders theory may have influenced Nazi Germanys drive to conquer Europe (although there are many who think the eastward push of Germany that led to World War II just happened to coincide with Mackinders heartland theory). The concept of geopolitics (or geopolitik, as Germans called it) was proposed by Swedish political scientist Rudolf Kjellen in 1905. Its focus was political geography  and combined Mackinders heartland theory with Friedrich Ratzels theory on the organic nature of the state. Geopolitical theory was used to justify a countrys attempts to expand based on its own needs.   In the 1920s, German geographer Karl Haushofer used the geopolitik theory to support Germanys invasion of its neighbors, which it viewed as expansion. Haushofer posited that densely populated countries like Germany should be allowed and were entitled to expand and acquire the territory of less-populated countries. Of course, Adolf Hitler held the much worse view that Germany had some kind of moral right to acquire the lands of what he termed lesser races. But  Haushofers geopolitik theory provided support for the expansion of Hitlers Third Reich, using pseudoscience. Other Influences of Mackinders Theory Mackinders theory  also may have influenced Western powers strategic thinking during the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the  United States, as the Soviet Union had control over the former East Bloc countries.

Annotated Bibliography On Eating And Eating Habits Essay

Shakedres Rouse Ms. Donohue Mar. Family 302 10 November 2016 Annotated Bibliography Meal patterning in the treatment of bulimia nervosa This article compares the times of day and purging habits to see if there is a correlation between the two. The study was conducted over a 4 month time period, then at the end of the four months subjects where required to follow up with and eating disorder examination. The results showed that those who ate in the evenings had a decrease in binge eating and purging. This article was beautifully written and contained plenty of research to back their findings. Chat Group Therapy For Bulimia Nervosa This article is about the effects of therapy on patients that have Bulimia and are going through Bulimia abstinence. The study was done on about 150 patients to see if there where similarities in purging and eating habits. The study shoed that there where similarities between the different groups of people when it came to bulimia habits. I personally thought that this article was lacking in details and specificity. The Efficacy of Duloxetine in the Treatment of Bulimia Nervosa Case Reports This article gives a basic definition of bulimia, which states that it is the act of binge eating and then purging in a n effort to prevent weight gain. It also says that the physiological thinking behind this disorder has yet to be discovered. Over al the article and its context seem to be reliable it often refers to research and experiments that have beenShow MoreRelatedThe Benefits of Healthy Eating1739 Words   |  7 PagesThe Benefits of Healthy Eating Marquita Williams Axia College of University of Phoenix Does an apple a day really keep the Doctor away? Although an apple a day is not nearly enough to keep the doctor away, it would be a good start on the road to a healthier life. Healthful eating is important and will change the lives of families in a positive way. 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Australian Tax Analysis for Political Economy- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theAustralian Tax Analysis for Political Economy. Answer: Advise to Minh On whether he would be regarded as a resident in Australia Taxation for resident and non-resident incomes is explained below to determine whether Minh is eligible for this kind of taxes. The taxation rulling of tax income ( TC), residency status of people that are entering Australia. The rulling was about the class of person and arrangements, the income tax assessment act of 1993 and 1997. The status of residency with regards with previous tax Acts ATO applies on from the years 1999-2000. The status of residency for purposes of income tax is a dtermination of facts only and the tax liability can be determined year on year basis. The determination of individual tax status is a determination of the years event. Section 995-1 of 1936 Act defines a resident person. Non-Resident Income Tax (IRNR) The income tax of non-residents is a tax established in Australia and is direct nature. Australia taxes the income obtained in its territory by natural persons and entities not resident in it and there are basic regulations which approves the Regulation of the Tax on the Income of non-Residents (Melville, 2017). With regard to income tax of non-residents, it is necessary to take into account domestic legislation in addition to the different international double taxation agreements signed by the Australian and the other countries. These Treaties seek to avoid double taxation arising from the concurrence of two or more fiscal sovereignties over the same income and are applied in preference to domestic legislation (Engdahl, 2011). An example is a resident of Malaysia derives income from renting a home located in Australia. As a resident in Malaysia, you will be taxed for your worldwide rent, including Australian rent. But in turn the rental of a property located in Australia will also b e subject to taxation in Australia. In this case a double taxation occurs that is solved with the Agreement of Double Taxation between Malaysia and Australia (Barkoczy, n.d.). The Fiscal Residence a. - The residence of the physical persons Agreement and Double Residence (natural persons) Agreement and Double Residence (legal entities). Is when an entity is considered as resident in both States, the agreements generally establish that it will be considered as resident only in the State where its effective address is located (Ricardo, 2015) Double residence and double taxation rule can be found from Levene v. The Commisioners of Inland Revenue( 1928) 13 TC 489 AND AC 2017. Accreditation of fiscal residence A legal entity will accredit its fiscal residence in a certain country by means of a certificate issued by the Fiscal Authority. The term of validity of such certificates is extended to one year. The validity will be indefinite when the taxpayer is a foreign State, some of its political or administrative subdivisions or its local entities as seen in TR 98/17 Taxable event The taxable event of this Tax is obtained by the taxpayers on incomes of any nature in Australian territory (Australian master tax guide, n.d.). Forms of subjection As mentioned there are two forms of non-resident income tax: Taxpayers who obtain income without a permanent establishment are taxed separately for each charge, total or partial, of taxable income. The tax base consists of the total income received (that is, without deduction of expenses or losses, except in certain specific activities) AS IN In Peel v.The Commissioners of Inland Revenue(1927) 13 TC443 For Mihn in this case, he is more of an Australian resident but domiciled in Malaysia where he conducts his businesses as illustrated in International Tax Agreements Act 1953 How Mihns residency status will affect his Malaysian business and investment income When he eventually becomes a resident in Australia, he will have to forfeit his Malaysian citizenship and therefore will be taxed as a non-resident for his investments in Malaysia and Australia. If there is a phenomenon that has revived the economic crisis is that of emigration. Many people have opted to immigrate to other countries in search of employment opportunities denied here. This has greatly increased a 2015 income profile: that of the non-resident taxpayer, which also includes those displaced in the national territory who meet certain conditions (Coleman et al., 2013). Non-resident income tax the first step will be to define who should be taxed by the Non-Resident Income Tax, which will generally be the individuals who have obtained income in Australia even if their fiscal residence is not in the country. In other words, if you have earned money in operations in Australia you must declare them, although this does not mean that you should always file the tax. Approving the consolidated text of the Non-Resident Income Tax Law, is responsible for regulating this tax and establishing the specific cases and income for which it will be necessary pay taxes even if one does not live in Australia(Coleman et al., 2013). Income subject to Non-Resident Income Tax As a general rule, the law establishes that "it is the taxable event to obtain income, in cash or in kind, in Australian territory". From a definition so general and shallow, a series of clearer assumptions about income are articulated that will effectively be subject to the payment of Non-Resident Income Tax as in the case of n Gregory Dixon J said (at CLR 778; ATD 399) The revenues that will pay taxes in this section are as follows:Income from activities carried out in Australian territory, which will also include economic holdings, whether or not there is a physical location or establishment location.Income from work, as long as it is derived, directly or indirectly from a personal activity developed in Australian territory or in the case of payments by the Administration. If the activity is carried out entirely abroad, as in the case of an employee via internet, this rule will not be applicable. It is understood that the network reverts of a special international character (Coleman et al., 2013). If you have obtained an income of this type, you must reflect it in the tax of non-residents and tax for it. Conclusion As with personal income tax, there is a series of income exempt from tax on Non-Resident Income Tax. These are incomes that you will not have to include in this tax and which the law identifies as the following in the income 2015. Income exempt from personal income tax that is included in article 7-12 of the Personal Income Tax Law (Deutsch, 2008).The yields of public debt obtained and securities issued in Australia without the mediation of permanent establishment in Australia, which come to be the majority of the cases. References Australian master tax guide. (n.d.). . Barkoczy, S. (n.d.). Australian tax casebook. Coleman, C., Hart, G., Bondfield, B., McKerchar, M., McLaren, J., Sadiq, K. and Ting, A. (2013). Australian tax analysis. Pyrmont, N.S.W.: Thomson Reuters (Professional) Australia Limited. Deutsch, R. (2008). Australian tax handbook. Pyrmont, N.S.W.: Thomson. Engdahl, S. (2011). Taxation. Farmington Hills, MI: Greenhaven Press. Melville, A. (2017). Taxation. Pearson Education Limited. Ricardo, D. (2015). On the principles of political economy, and taxation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.